1. Please state project objectives and what work was done this quarter to address them:
This report is for the second quarter of year 1 of project 21-002C – Continued Support of the Southern Gardens Diagnostic Laboratory. This project provides HLB testing for researchers, growers and homeowners. A total of 9,119 samples were run during the 3 month period. All samples were plant samples, mostly from large scale research trials. The majority of the samples (78%) were from the first two months of the quarter. Partly due to vacation schedules associated with the Christmas/New Year holidays and partly due to Covid-related personnel issues, less samples were run during December. However, sample volume continue to be high and it is expected that a similar level of samples will be run next quarter. To date, through the first two quarters of the project, 15,587 samples have been run.
2. Please state what work is anticipated for next quarter:
Based on the samples run to date (first two quarters, and samples run through the end of February 2022) and samples that are anticipated (including samples from CRAFT trials), it is expected that the number of samples for year one of the project will be slightly over the budgeted amount. Although it is hard to predict, we are predicting that the sample volume for the first year will be approximately 30,000-32,000 samples compared to the budgeted amount of 28,750/year.
3. Please state budget status (underspend or overspend, and why):
Based on predicted sample load for the remaining two quarters, it is expected that the total sample volume will be above the budgeted amount for year 1. As has been done in the past, it is anticipated that the final budget at the end of year 2 will be adjusted based on the final sample tally. If less samples are processed than the budgeted amount, the budget will be adjusted downward. Conversely, if more samples are processed, we will ask that the cost of the overage (expendables only) be covered. However, what is new for this project is that the CRAFT project will reimburse CRDF for samples that are submitted through the CRAFT program. To the extent that the overrun of samples is a result of CRAFT samples, CRDF may be reimbursed enough to cover the overall sample overage if there is any.
The goal is to understand how citrus interacts with Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (Las) infection and develop improved and long term HLB management strategies. Objective 1. Identification of the receptors for Las PAMPs in susceptible and tolerant citrus varietiesPotential PAMPs from Las (either homologous to known PAMPs or pilin genes) LasFlaA (flagellin), LasEF-Tu, LasCSP (cold shock protein), LasSSBP (single strand binding protein) and pilin assembly genes were cloned under 35S promoter and the Arabidopsis phloem specific promoter SUC2 and introduced into Agrobacterium. We have tested their receptors in Tobacco and citrus. We have identified multiple receptors for the aforementioned PAMPs. We also hypothesized that Las outer membrane proteins might directly induce plant immune response in the phloem sieve elements because Las lives in the phloem. 21 outer membrane proteins have been cloned and the putative targets in citrus were identified using Yeast 2 hybrid (Y2H) system. Two outer membrane proteins showed positive interactions with citrus proteins based on Y2H assays which were confirmed using GST pull-down assaysIn addition, multiple PAMPs have been tested for their effects in inducing plant defense against Las in the greenhouse and at least four different PAMPs showed significant effect in manipulating plant immunity. Here, we conducted RNA-seq analyses on HLB-susceptible Valencia sweet orange and HLB-tolerant Sugar Belle mandarin in winter, spring, summer and fall. Significant variations in differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to HLB were observed among the four seasons. For both varieties, spring had the highest number of DEGs. CLas infection stimulates the expression of immune-related genes such as NBS-LRR, RLK, RLCK, CDPK, MAPK pathway, ROS, and PR genes in both varieties. The immune responses of both varieties to CLas result in oxidative stress with induced expression of RBOH genes and suppressed expression of many genes encoding antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, thioredoxins and glutaredoxins. HLB-positive Sugar Belle trees contained higher concentrations of maltose and sucrose, which are known to scavenge ROS. In addition, Sugar Belle showed higher expression of genes involved in phloem regeneration that might contribute to its tolerance to HLB. This study shed light on the pathogenicity mechanism of the HLB pathosystem and the tolerance mechanism against HLB, providing valuable insights into HLB management.We have the control effects of different PAMPs against HLB. Three PAMPs showed strong activity in inducing plant defenses. We analysed the flagellar genes of Las and Rhizobiaceae and observed two characteristics unique to the flagellar proteins of Las: (i) a shorter primary structure of the rod capping protein FlgJ than other Rhizobiaceae bacteria and (ii) Las contains only one flagellin-encoding gene flaA (CLIBASIA_02090), whereas other Rhizobiaceae species carry at least three flagellin-encoding genes. Only flgJAtu but not flgJLas restored the swimming motility of Agrobacterium tumefaciens flgJ mutant. Pull-down assays demonstrated that FlgJLas interacts with FlgB but not with FliE. Ectopic expression of flaALas in A. tumefaciens mutants restored the swimming motility of .flaA mutant and .flaAD mutant, but not that of the null mutant .flaABCD. No flagellum was observed for Las in citrus and dodder. The expression of flagellar genes was higher in psyllids than in planta. In addition, western blotting using flagellin-specific antibody indicates that Las expresses flagellin protein in psyllids, but not in planta. The flagellar features of Las in planta suggest that Las movement in the phloem is not mediated by flagella. We also characterized the movement of Las after psyllid transmission into young flush. Our data support a model that Las remains inside young flush after psyllid transmission and before the flush matures. The delayed movement of Las out of young flush after psyllid transmission provides opportunities for targeted treatment of young flush for HLB control.The type IVc tight adherence (Tad) pilus locus is a putative PAMP encoded by Las. The Tad loci are conserved among members of Rhizobiaceae, including ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ and Agrobacterium spp. Ectopic expression of the ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ cpaF gene, an ATPase essential for the biogenesis and secretion of the Tad pilus, restored the adherence phenotype in cpaF mutant of A. tumefaciens, indicating CpaF of ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ was functional and critical for bacterial adherence mediated by Tad pilus. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed that ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ Tad pilus-encoding genes and ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ pilin gene flp3 were upregulated in psyllids compared with in planta. A bacterial one-hybrid assay showed that ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ VisN and VisR, members of the LuxR transcriptional factor family, were bound to the flp3 promoter. VisNR regulate flp3. Negative regulation of the flp3 promoter by both VisN and VisR was demonstrated using a shuttle strategy, with analysis of the phenotypes and immunoblotting together with quantification of the expression of the flp3 promoter fused to the ß-galactosidase reporter gene. Comparative expression analysis confirmed that ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ visNR was less expressed in the psyllid than in the plant host. Further, motility and biofilm phenotypes of the visNR mutant of A. tumefaciens were fully complemented by expressing ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ visNR together. The physical interaction between VisN and VisR was confirmed by pull-down and stability assays. The interaction of the flp3 promoter with VisR was verified by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Taken together, the results revealed the contribution of the Tad pilus apparatus in the colonization of the insect vector by ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ and shed light on the involvement of VisNR in regulation of the Tad locus. Objective 2. Generate transgenic/cisgenic citrus expressing PAMP receptors recognizing LasWe have transgenically expressed putative receptors or targets (identified in Poncirus) of Las PAMPs in Valencia sweet orange or Duncan grapefruit. They are driven by 35S promoter and phloem specific promoter AtSuc2. We have made 6 constructs to express PAMP receptors individually or in combinations. Three overexpression lines have been generated. Objective 3. Investigate the roles of effectors in HLB disease developmentWe have completed screening of 30 putative Las effectors and 4 of them repressed plant defense. We have completed Y2H for the four defense-suppressing effectors and identified their targets in Valencia sweet orange. Meanwhile, we have conducted CTV-mediated gene silencing of 15 putative HLB susceptibility genes in collaboration with Dawson lab. Sweet orange plants carrying the CTV constructs were inoculated with Las via grafting. Interestingly, gene silencing of one of the putative HLB susceptible genes led to significant HLB tolerance. The plants showed mild HLB symptoms, similar growth as non-inoculated plants whereas the growth of control plants was significantly reduced and showed severe HLB symptoms. In addition, we also overexpressed the HLB S gene in Valencia sweet orange to further understand the mechanism and will inoculate them with Las once they are one year old. Here we show that a Las-secreted protein, SDE15 (CLIBASIA_04025), suppresses plant immunity and promotes Las multiplication. Transgenic expression of SDE15 in Duncan grapefruit (Citrus × paradisi) suppresses the hypersensitive response induced by Xanthomonas citri ssp. citri (Xcc) and reduces the expression of immunity-related genes. SDE15 also suppresses the hypersensitive response triggered by the Xanthomonas vesicatoria effector protein AvrBsT in Nicotiana benthamiana, suggesting that it may be a broad-spectrum suppressor of plant immunity. SDE15 interacts with the citrus protein CsACD2, a homolog of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) ACCELERATED CELL DEATH 2 (ACD2). SDE15 suppression of plant immunity is dependent on CsACD2, and overexpression of CsACD2 in citrus suppresses plant immunity and promotes Las multiplication, phenocopying overexpression of SDE15. Identification of CsACD2 as a susceptibility target has implications in genome editing for novel plant resistance against devastating HLB.
1. Please state project objectives and what work was done this quarter to address them:
This report is for the first quarter of year 1 of project 21-002C – Continued Support of the Southern Gardens Diagnostic Laboratory. The project provides HLB testing for researchers, growers and homeowners. A total of 6,468 samples were run during the first quarter of the project. All samples were plant samples (either leaves or roots) and the great majority of the samples were from research projects. As noted in previous reports, there is an increasing trend towards testing that includes copy number determination which increases the turn around time as the assay is more involved than assays that just require a determination of Ct. The lab also incurred an equipment-based setback that delayed some throughput for the first quarter. This has since been resolved.
2. Please state what work is anticipated for next quarter:
The budgeted sample load for each year of the project is 28,750 samples per year. Although the number of samples run during the first quarter is below the level that would meet that level of samples, the number of samples received to date indicates that we will more than likely reach or exceed the budgeted amount. The total number of samples that have been received (not all processed yet) through the first 4 months of the project is 10,410. At this rate, the projected number of samples per year would be approximately 31,230.
3. Please state budget status (underspend or overspend, and why):
As in the previously funded project, the final budget will be adjusted based on the final sample tally. If less samples are processed than the budgeted amount, the budget will be adjusted downward. Conversely, if more samples are processed, we will ask that the cost of the overage (expendables only) be covered.
We have completed this project, having added to it an additional experiment to confirm results and assessment of ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ bacterial titers in all studies. In summary we find: · Both originally proposed studies were completed, as well as an additional confirmatory study with both oxytetracycline and streptomycin.· No foliar application treatment achieved a significant systemic delivery or oxytetracycline or streptomycin, nor did any reduce ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ titer. · Injection of oxytetracycline exceeded the minimum effective concentration (MEC) and was greater than all adjuvants, and reduced ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ titer.· Injection of streptomycin at the equivalent per-tree rate to labeled foliar application rates did not exceed MEC, nor did it affect ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ titer.· Results indicate that: o Adjuvants to not enhance delivery of oxytetracycline or streptomycin sufficiently to impact ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ titer at labeled rates. o Once delivered inside the plant, insufficient streptomycin moves systemically to impact ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ titer at the equivalent per tree dose to the labeled per-acre equivalent. PublicationKilliny, N., Hijaz, F., Gonzalez-Blanco, P., Jones, S. E., Pierre, M. O., & Vincent, C. I. (2020). Effect of Adjuvants on Oxytetracycline Uptake upon Foliar Application in Citrus. Antibiotics, 9(10), 677. One additional manuscript presenting the findings of studies 2 and 3 is in preparation. A full report is submitted in a separate pdf.
Recently we focused primarily on the effects of burrowing nematode on selected UFR rootstocks. Previously we planted six UFR rootstocks in sandy soil, and inoculated the soil with burrowing nematode (BN). After four months, the plants were removed from the soil, cleaned thoroughly, vacuum packed and placed in the freezer. For three of the UFR rootstocks (UFR-4, -6, and -17), we compared healthy roots to those exposed to BN. We processed the roots and extracted them with hexane for volatile metabolites, and with methanol/chloroform/water for non-volatile metabolites such as sugars, organic acids and amino acid. In all, 48 samples were processed and run on the GC-MS, 24 for VOCs (3 RS x 2 treatments x 4 replicates) and 24 for non-VOCs, the chromatograms were integrated and compounds were identified. For the citrus root volatile extracts, we found that roots with BN from UFR 4 and UFR 6 contained low levels of monoterpenes in control roots (without BN damage), but monoterpenes were increased up to 6-fold in roots with BN. However, in UFR-17, all monoterpenes except d-limonene were reduced in BN+ root extracts, suggesting a different response to nematodes than in the other two rootstocks. Thirteen sesquiterpenes and 16 sesquiterpene alcohols were tentatively identified in the root extracts, with a large number of them increased consistently in all three rootstocks with BN. These may perhaps be defense compounds. One group identified were isomers of geyrene and pregeijerene, which are known to attract entomopathic nematodes in response to feeding by root weevils. We also found that the roots contained large amounts of coumarins (at least 9 different coumarins) which were reduced by half or more in roots with BN. In the root extracts for non-volatile compound determination, we detected 14 amino acids, 7 organic acids, 8 sugars, 6 coumarins and 3 sterols. We found that the amino acids were greatly reduced in roots with BN, especially L-proline and L-asparagine. Sugars, especially the monosaccharides such as fructose and glucose increased at least two-fold in UFR-4 and UFR-17, and about 1.6-fold in UFR-6. Disaccharides, mainly sucrose, also increased dramatically in BN-infested roots. The coumarins in the hexane fractions were much higher in roots with BN unlike the methanolic fractions. In UFR-4 and UFR-17, total organic acids such as malic acid increased, but were reduced in URF-6, which was the most abundant organic acid found in the roots. Citric acid decreased in all three rootstocks exposed to BN. Three sterols were tentatively identified as sitosterol, stigmasterol and campestrol, and the levels of these compounds was low.These chemical response data need to be correlated with the degree of root damage to determine which rootstock is more tolerant to burrowing nematode, and further investigation of the the phytochemicals responsible for the response to the pathogen attack is warranted. New rootstock evaluations – We received the seeds from the USDA in Ft. Pierce for evaluating their susceptibility to nematodes. These included US-802, 812, 897, 942, 1283, 1284, 1516. After germination, the rootstock seedling were moved outside to encourage growth, repotted into larger pots, and are now about 6 inches tall and 7 months old. We hope they will be ready for evaluations soon. We plan to challenge these rootstocks with burrowing nematodes to determine their susceptibility/tolerance.
The goal is to understand how citrus interacts with Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (Las) infection and develop improved and long term HLB management strategies. Objective 1. Identification of the receptors for Las PAMPs in susceptible and tolerant citrus varietiesPotential PAMPs from Las (either homologous to known PAMPs or pilin genes) LasFlaA (flagellin), LasEF-Tu, LasCSP (cold shock protein), LasSSBP (single strand binding protein) and pilin assembly genes were cloned under 35S promoter and the Arabidopsis phloem specific promoter SUC2 and introduced into Agrobacterium. We have tested their receptors in Tobacco and citrus. Specifically, we are identifying the receptors in HLB susceptible variety Valencia sweet orange and HLB resistant variety Poncirus and HLB tolerant variety Sugar Belle. We have identified multiple receptors for the aforementioned PAMPs and are in the process of confirmation using pull-down assay or co-immunoprecipitation assays. We also hypothesized that Las outer membrane proteins might directly induce plant immune response in the phloem sieve elements because Las lives in the phloem. 21 outer membrane proteins have been cloned and the putative targets in citrus are being identified using Yeast 2 hybrid (Y2H) system and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assay. Two outer membrane proteins showed positive interactions with citrus proteins based on Y2H assays. We are further confirming the interactions using GST pull-down assaysIn addition, multiple Las PAMPs have been tested for their effects in inducing plant defense against Las in the greenhouse and at least four different Las PAMPs showed significant effect in inducing plant immunity. We are testing whether those Las PAMPs can inhibit Las titers after foliar spray in the greenhouse. We have conducted RNA-seq analyses of Poncirus and sweet orange and we currently analyzing the data. We are testing the control effects of different PAMPs against HLB. Three PAMPs showed strong activity in inducing plant defenses. We have completed the trials in the greenhouse. We are spraying different PAMP products in field trials by spraying on newly planted young sweet orange trees. Significant control effect has been observed for certain PAMP products against HLB. Objective 2. Generate transgenic/cisgenic citrus expressing PAMP receptors recognizing LasWe are transgenically expressing putative receptors or targets (identified in Poncirus) of Las PAMPs in Valencia sweet orange or Duncan grapefruit. They are driven by 35S promoter and phloem specific promoter AtSuc2. We will conduct Las inoculation via grafting or psyllid transmission once the transgenic plants are about one year old. For those identified receptors or targets, we are sequencing the promoter regions in Valencia, Sugar Belle, and Poncirus to compare their differences. If the native promoter of Poncirus is strong enough, we will use Poncirus promoter to drive the expression of PAMP receptors or other target genes to avoid concerns about 35S promoter or AtSUC2 promoter. We are also driving the expression of one defense inducing gene using a pathogen-inducing promoter. Several plants expressing the constructs were generated. Testing of those plants showed that they resonded to canker. We will test whether they are resistant to HLB. Right now, we are propagating to more plants for testing. We have made 6 constructs to express PAMP receptors individually or in combinations. We are expressing them in sweet orange. Three overexpression lines have been generated. Objective 3. Investigate the roles of effectors in HLB disease developmentWe have completed screening of 30 putative Las effectors and 4 of them repressed plant defense. We are screening another 20 putative Las effectors and 3 more effectors that suppress plant defense. We have completed Y2H for the four defense-suppressing effectors and identified their targets in Valencia sweet orange. Confirmation of the targets is ongoing using coimmunoprecipitation and BiFC assays. Meanwhile, we have conducted CTV-mediated gene silencing of 15 putative HLB susceptibility genes in collaboration with Dawson lab. Sweet orange plants carrying the CTV constructs were inoculated with Las via grafting. Interestingly, gene silencing of one of the putative HLB susceptible genes led to significant HLB tolerance. The plants showed mild HLB symptoms, similar growth as non-inoculated plants whereas the growth of control plants was significantly reduced and showed severe HLB symptoms. We are characterizing the putative mechanism of the HLB S gene. We are conducting genome editing of the identified HLB S gene of Valencia sweet orange and Duncan grapefruit to generate HLB resistant or tolerant citrus. In addition, we also overexpressed the HLB S gene in Valencia sweet orange to further understand the mechanism and will inoculate them with Las once they are one year old. We will continue to test other targets of putative effector genes. In addition, we hypothesized the effectors might induce plant defense in Poncirus and Sugar Belle. We are conducting Y2H to identify putative targets of effectors in Poncirus and Sugar Belle. We have conducted RNA-seq analyses of Sugar Belle. Data analyses have identified some interesting informations regarding chemicals to control HLB. We are summarizing the data for publication. One manuscript entitled Citrus CsACD2 is a target of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus in Huanglongbing disease has been published by Plant Physiology. We have identified the binding sites of CsACD2 with SDE15. We have identified another important effector.We have conducted y2h for identification of the targets of CLas effector genes. In total, six promising HLB susceptibility genes were identified. One line with silencling one of the target gene remains healthy despite being infected wiht CLas for over one year.
The goal is to understand how citrus interacts with Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (Las) infection and develop improved and long term HLB management strategies. Objective 1. Identification of the receptors for Las PAMPs in susceptible and tolerant citrus varietiesPotential PAMPs from Las (either homologous to known PAMPs or pilin genes) LasFlaA (flagellin), LasEF-Tu, LasCSP (cold shock protein), LasSSBP (single strand binding protein) and pilin assembly genes were cloned under 35S promoter and the Arabidopsis phloem specific promoter SUC2 and introduced into Agrobacterium. We have tested their receptors in Tobacco and citrus. Specifically, we are identifying the receptors in HLB susceptible variety Valencia sweet orange and HLB resistant variety Poncirus and HLB tolerant variety Sugar Belle. We have identified multiple receptors for the aforementioned PAMPs and are in the process of confirmation using pull-down assay or co-immunoprecipitation assays. We also hypothesized that Las outer membrane proteins might directly induce plant immune response in the phloem sieve elements because Las lives in the phloem. 21 outer membrane proteins have been cloned and the putative targets in citrus are being identified using Yeast 2 hybrid (Y2H) system and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assay. Two outer membrane proteins showed positive interactions with citrus proteins based on Y2H assays. We are further confirming the interactions using GST pull-down assaysIn addition, multiple Las PAMPs have been tested for their effects in inducing plant defense against Las in the greenhouse and at least four different Las PAMPs showed significant effect in inducing plant immunity. We are testing whether those Las PAMPs can inhibit Las titers after foliar spray in the greenhouse. We have conducted RNA-seq analyses of Poncirus and sweet orange and we currently analyzing the data. We are testing the control effects of different PAMPs against HLB. Three PAMPs showed strong activity in inducing plant defenses. We have completed the trials in the greenhouse. We are spraying different PAMP products in field trials by spraying on newly planted young sweet orange trees. Objective 2. Generate transgenic/cisgenic citrus expressing PAMP receptors recognizing LasWe are transgenically expressing putative receptors or targets (identified in Poncirus) of Las PAMPs in Valencia sweet orange or Duncan grapefruit. They are driven by 35S promoter and phloem specific promoter AtSuc2. We will conduct Las inoculation via grafting or psyllid transmission once the transgenic plants are about one year old. For those identified receptors or targets, we are sequencing the promoter regions in Valencia, Sugar Belle, and Poncirus to compare their differences. If the native promoter of Poncirus is strong enough, we will use Poncirus promoter to drive the expression of PAMP receptors or other target genes to avoid concerns about 35S promoter or AtSUC2 promoter. We are also driving the expression of one defense inducing gene using a pathogen-inducing promoter. Several plants expressing the constructs were generated. Testing of those plants showed that they resonded to canker. We will test whether they are resistant to HLB. Right now, we are propagating to more plants for testing. We have made 6 constructs to express PAMP receptors individually or in combinations. We are expressing them in sweet orange. Objective 3. Investigate the roles of effectors in HLB disease developmentWe have completed screening of 30 putative Las effectors and 4 of them repressed plant defense. We are screening another 20 putative Las effectors and 3 more effectors that suppress plant defense. We have completed Y2H for the four defense-suppressing effectors and identified their targets in Valencia sweet orange. Confirmation of the targets is ongoing using coimmunoprecipitation and BiFC assays. Meanwhile, we have conducted CTV-mediated gene silencing of 15 putative HLB susceptibility genes in collaboration with Dawson lab. Sweet orange plants carrying the CTV constructs were inoculated with Las via grafting. Interestingly, gene silencing of one of the putative HLB susceptible genes led to significant HLB tolerance. The plants showed mild HLB symptoms, similar growth as non-inoculated plants whereas the growth of control plants was significantly reduced and showed severe HLB symptoms. We are characterizing the putative mechanism of the HLB S gene. We are conducting genome editing of the identified HLB S gene of Valencia sweet orange and Duncan grapefruit to generate HLB resistant or tolerant citrus. In addition, we also overexpressed the HLB S gene in Valencia sweet orange to further understand the mechanism and will inoculate them with Las once they are one year old. We will continue to test other targets of putative effector genes. In addition, we hypothesized the effectors might induce plant defense in Poncirus and Sugar Belle. We are conducting Y2H to identify putative targets of effectors in Poncirus and Sugar Belle. We have conducted RNA-seq analyses of Sugar Belle. Data analyses have identified some interesting informations regarding chemicals to control HLB. We are testing them in the greenhouse right now. One manuscript entitled Citrus CsACD2 is a target of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus in Huanglongbing disease has been accepted by Plant Physiology. We are investigating the binding sites of CsACD2 with SDE15. We have tested the effect of effectors in suppressing plant immune responses caused by PAMPs. We have identified another important effector. In total, six promising HLB susceptibility genes were identified.
Citrus Nematode Exp 1 – The experiment was terminated in early January. Plants were removed from pots and weighed (tops and rinsed/blotted roots). Aliquots of fibrous roots were collected for metabolomic analysis and CLas determination (1g), nematode infection rate (2g), and moisture content determination (5g). Females and offspring were separated from roots by comminuting in a dilute sodium hypochlorite solution; juvenile and male nematodes were extracted from soil on Baermann funnels. The females/g root (458) on the susceptible rootstock Carrizo citrange exceeded the damage threshold by more than twofold and those on the resistant rootstock Swingle citrumelo were about half the number considered damaging (103). Roots also exhibited symptoms of infection by Phytophthora nicotiana and the presence of the oomycete in soil was confirmed in all treatments. The contaminant originated from the orchard in which the nematode inoculum was obtained. The effects of rootstock, treatment and their interaction were all highly significant and therefore the results from each rootstock were considered separately. Treatment with citrus nematode or CLas reduced the root weight of Carrizo citrange by 57% and 55%, respectively and by 60% when combined. An expected additive interaction between these pathogens would reduce roots by 80%, therefore, the interaction of these organisms on root weight was antagonistic. Citrus nematode and CLas reduced the root weight of Swingle citrumelo by 20% and 26%, respectively and by 4% when combined. An expected additive interaction between these pathogens would reduce roots by 41%, therefore, the interaction of these organisms on root weight was antagonistic. In the nematode susceptible rootstock there was a highly significant inverse relationship between the root weight and the nematode offspring recovered per gram of roots; however, HLB had no significant effect on nematode infection. The nematode resistant rootstock had significantly fewer females in roots (P=0.01) and offspring per rootweight (P=0.001) when infected by CLas. qPCR measurement of CLas infection in roots and tops of plants is ongoing.
The goal is to understand how citrus interacts with Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (Las) infection and develop improved and long term HLB management strategies. Objective 1. Identification of the receptors for Las PAMPs in susceptible and tolerant citrus varietiesPotential PAMPs from Las (either homologous to known PAMPs or pilin genes) LasFlaA (flagellin), LasEF-Tu, LasCSP (cold shock protein), LasSSBP (single strand binding protein) and pilin assembly genes were cloned under 35S promoter and the Arabidopsis phloem specific promoter SUC2 and introduced into Agrobacterium. We have tested their receptors in Tobacco and citrus. Specifically, we are identifying the receptors in HLB susceptible variety Valencia sweet orange and HLB resistant variety Poncirus and HLB tolerant variety Sugar Belle. We have identified multiple receptors for the aforementioned PAMPs and are in the process of confirmation using pull-down assay or co-immunoprecipitation assays. We also hypothesized that Las outer membrane proteins might directly induce plant immune response in the phloem sieve elements because Las lives in the phloem. 21 outer membrane proteins have been cloned and the putative targets in citrus are being identified using Yeast 2 hybrid (Y2H) system and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assay. Two outer membrane proteins showed positive interactions with citrus proteins based on Y2H assays. We are further confirming the interactions using GST pull-down assaysIn addition, multiple Las PAMPs have been tested for their effects in inducing plant defense against Las in the greenhouse and at least four different Las PAMPs showed significant effect in inducing plant immunity. We are testing whether those Las PAMPs can inhibit Las titers after foliar spray in the greenhouse. We have conducted RNA-seq analyses of Poncirus and sweet orange and we currently analyzing the data. We are testing the control effects of different PAMPs against HLB. Three PAMPs showed strong activity in inducing plant defenses. We have identified 21 genes that might contribute to the tolerance of Poncirus to HLB. Objective 2. Generate transgenic/cisgenic citrus expressing PAMP receptors recognizing LasWe are transgenically expressing putative receptors or targets (identified in Poncirus) of Las PAMPs in Valencia sweet orange or Duncan grapefruit. They are driven by 35S promoter and phloem specific promoter AtSuc2. We will conduct Las inoculation via grafting or psyllid transmission once the transgenic plants are about one year old. For those identified receptors or targets, we are sequencing the promoter regions in Valencia, Sugar Belle, and Poncirus to compare their differences. If the native promoter of Poncirus is strong enough, we will use Poncirus promoter to drive the expression of PAMP receptors or other target genes to avoid concerns about 35S promoter or AtSUC2 promoter. We are also driving the expression of one defense inducing gene using a pathogen-inducing promoter. Several plants expressing the constructs were generated. Testing of those plants showed that they resonded to canker. We will test whether they are resistant to HLB. Right now, we are propagating to more plants for testing. Objective 3. Investigate the roles of effectors in HLB disease developmentWe have completed screening of 30 putative Las effectors and 4 of them repressed plant defense. We are screening another 20 putative Las effectors and 3 more effectors that suppress plant defense. We have completed Y2H for the four defense-suppressing effectors and identified their targets in Valencia sweet orange. Confirmation of the targets is ongoing using coimmunoprecipitation and BiFC assays. Meanwhile, we have conducted CTV-mediated gene silencing of 15 putative HLB susceptibility genes in collaboration with Dawson lab. Sweet orange plants carrying the CTV constructs were inoculated with Las via grafting. Interestingly, gene silencing of one of the putative HLB susceptible genes led to significant HLB tolerance. The plants showed mild HLB symptoms, similar growth as non-inoculated plants whereas the growth of control plants was significantly reduced and showed severe HLB symptoms. We are characterizing the putative mechanism of the HLB S gene. We are conducting genome editing of the identified HLB S gene of Valencia sweet orange and Duncan grapefruit to generate HLB resistant or tolerant citrus. In addition, we also overexpressed the HLB S gene in Valencia sweet orange to further understand the mechanism and will inoculate them with Las once they are one year old. We will continue to test other targets of putative effector genes. In addition, we hypothesized the effectors might induce plant defense in Poncirus and Sugar Belle. We are conducting Y2H to identify putative targets of effectors in Poncirus and Sugar Belle. We have conducted RNA-seq analyses of Sugar Belle. The data is under analyses. One manuscript entitled Citrus CsACD2 is a target of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus in Huanglongbing disease has been accepted by Plant Physiology. We are investigating the binding sites of CsACD2 with SDE15. We have tested the effect of effectors in suppressing plant immune responses caused by PAMPs. We have identified another important effector. In total, six promising HLB susceptibility genes were identified.
1. Please state project objectives and what work was done this quarter to address them:Objective 1: Investigate efficacy of bactericide treatments for preventing new infections. Objective 2. Determine the effect of bactericide application frequency on Las infection of citrus. Objective 3: Quantify the effect of repeated inoculation of the efficacy of bactericides. During the final quarter of the project, we completed two final treatment applications for experiments addressing objectives 1-3. Samples (leaf, ACP, flush) were collected as in previous quarters. All remaining leaf samples from previous quarters and the final quarter were processed (DNA extraction, qPCR) to determine the CLas titers in trees in response to treatments. 2. Please state what work is anticipated for next quarter: No additional work is expected. The project is complete, and this is the final report. 3. Please state budget status (underspend or overspend, and why):The budget for the project was underspent. The underspent funds were is a result of savings on the treatment materials used in this project (antimicrobials, insecticides. A portion of these materials were donated; therefore, the projected budget for these materials was lower than initially anticipated. Another factor contributing to the underspend was a reduction in activities during spring 2020. Personnel were unable to come in and work in the labs (April and May 2020) or the field (April 2020). One field treatment was missed as a result.. The reduction in salary and material spending contributed to the reduced funds spent. Executive Summary AbstractThe purpose of this project was to identify the most efficacious use of antimicrobial treatments that are commercially available in order to reduce Las inoculation pressure and prevent infection in young trees. Overall, the data indicate that bactericidal treatments did not prevent CLas colonization in young citrus trees. However, the results suggest that bactericides in combination with insecticides could be useful in preventing CLas infections in the first year of new citrus tree plantings. As the trees mature, additional protection should be considered. Additionally, citrus trees receiving monthly Firewall/Fireline applications had higher numbers of ACP adults and eggs and lower flush production across treatments. The use of Tree Defender enclosures and insecticide alone showed better and more prolonged (more than one year) protection of young citrus trees against CLas infection compared with antimicrobial treatment after one year. More frequent (monthly) bactericidal applications in combination with insecticides reduced CLas titers on mature trees as compared to quarterly Firewall/Fireline applications or insecticide only. Additionally, the number of eggs in flush declined in response to antimicrobial treatment. Further studies should evaluate bactericidal application frequency on younger and productive citrus trees (commercial citrus groves rather than in research groves) as a preventative and active method against CLas infections. Additionally, the data suggest that bactericides in combination with insecticides should be used when flush is highly abundant to reduce the numbers of eggs in flush for disruption of CLas transmission.
We have now completed the field portions of the studies proposed, as well as of a follow-up study to confirm the results of both of the first studies. The field study of delivery of oxytetracycline (OTC) has now been published in the journal Antibiotics (Killiny et al., 2020). Overall the results conclude that:1. OTC moved systemically, though a significant portion was trapped in the leafs into which it originally came in contact.2. Most foliarly applied OTC was lost. This was determined by comparison with injection. Less tha3. No adjuvant delivered significant quantities of OTC. 4. Only injection reduced polulation of HLB-causing Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas). COVID-19-related delays in supplies have delayed quantification of streptomycin, though we now have assurances that the supplies will be delivered before the start of 2021. In the meantime, OTC quantification from the follow-up study, and CLas quantification are progressing for the follow-up study and the streptomycin-specific study. We anticipate publication of results within the 4 remaining months of the project. PublicationKilliny, N., Hijaz, F., Gonzalez-Blanco, P., Jones, S. E., Pierre, M. O., & Vincent, C. I. (2020). Effect of Adjuvants on Oxytetracycline Uptake upon Foliar Application in Citrus. Antibiotics, 9(10), 677.
We have now completed the field portions of the studies proposed, as well as of a follow-up study to confirm the results of both of the first studies. The field study of delivery of oxytetracycline (OTC) has now been published in the journal Antibiotics (Killiny et al., 2020). Overall the results conclude that:
1. OTC moved systemically, though a significant portion was trapped in the leaves into which it originally came in contact.
2. Most foliarly applied OTC was lost. This was determined by comparison with injection.
3. No adjuvant delivered greater quantities of OTC than water with no adjuvant.
4. Only injection reduced polulation of HLB-causing Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas).
COVID-19-related delays in supplies have delayed quantification of streptomycin, though we now have assurances that the supplies will be delivered before the start of 2021. In the meantime, OTC quantification from the follow-up study, and CLas quantification are progressing for the follow-up study and the streptomycin-specific study. We anticipate publication of results within the 4 remaining months of the project.
Publication
Killiny, N., Hijaz, F., Gonzalez-Blanco, P., Jones, S. E., Pierre, M. O., & Vincent, C. I. (2020). Effect of Adjuvants on Oxytetracycline Uptake upon Foliar Application in Citrus. Antibiotics, 9(10), 677.
We have no new results to report except that COVID-related delays in materials procurement have been overcome and quantification of oxy-tetracylcine and streptomycin for the final two experiments are now in process, and will be completed in the coming weeks. We have now completed the field portions of the studies proposed, as well as of a follow-up study to confirm the results of both of the first studies. The field study of delivery of oxytetracycline (OTC) has now been published in the journal Antibiotics (Killiny et al., 2020). Overall the results conclude that:1. OTC moved systemically, though a significant portion was trapped in the leafs into which it originally came in contact.2. Most foliarly applied OTC was lost. This was determined by comparison with injection. Less tha3. No adjuvant delivered significant quantities of OTC. 4. Only injection reduced polulation of HLB-causing Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas). COVID-19-related delays in supplies have delayed quantification of streptomycin, though we now have assurances that the supplies will be delivered before the start of 2021. In the meantime, OTC quantification from the follow-up study, and CLas quantification are progressing for the follow-up study and the streptomycin-specific study. We anticipate publication of results within the 4 remaining months of the project. PublicationKilliny, N., Hijaz, F., Gonzalez-Blanco, P., Jones, S. E., Pierre, M. O., & Vincent, C. I. (2020). Effect of Adjuvants on Oxytetracycline Uptake upon Foliar Application in Citrus. Antibiotics, 9(10), 677.
Purpose: Investigate the effects of underground pests on the severity of HLB in citrus trees co-infected with citrus nematode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans) or burrowing nematode (Radopholus similis) compared to HLB alone.Progress Summary: We confirmed that the roots of all of the trees treated with the two types of nematodes were successfully colonized and samples have been taken to examine the damage. Damage to the cortex of fibrous roots is the most common visual symptom (by staining and microscopy). Citrus Nematode Exp 1 – The experiment was established and primary infections with HLB and citrus nematode were confirmed. We had a low number of HLB trees test positive so we regrafted the HLB treatment trees in September. Samples for a second PCR is scheduled for January2021. The trees that received citrus nematode are yellowish with thin foliage, and trees on Swingle rootstock are more vigorous. The population density of the citrus nematode has increased from a moderate level of >680 in summer to >2100 juvenile and male nematodes per 100 cm3 soil in October, which now exceeds the damage threshold. As a consequence the 200 plants (10 treatments, 20 reps) were randomized in a blocked design for growth until the trial terminates in Spring 2021. Burrowing Nematode Exp 2 – 60 Val trees (15 trees x 4 TR) were established. Leaf samples were taken to confirm HLB infection (9 months). Burrowing nematode infection will be measured from soil core/root fragment samples in January 2021.Burning Nematode Exp 3 – UFR rootstocks planted in sandy soil, inoculated with burning nematode – these plants look very bad compared to non-inoculated controls. The roots have been recovered, washed and stained, and examined under the microscope. These roots show evidence of cortex damage to the fibrous roots. Root samples from the same plants were taken for metabolite analysis (by GC-MS), currently stored at -80 ºC until analysis.Future rootstock evaluations – USDA in Ft. Pierce confirmed that they will send us seeds for germination, to evaluate their susceptibility to nematodes during the next year. These include US-802, 812, 897, 942, 1283, 1284, 1516. These will be added to our evaluation effort, as it seems they have not been screened for their tolerance/susceptibility to nematodes.
The goal is to understand how citrus interacts with Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (Las) infection and develop improved and long term HLB management strategies. Objective 1. Identification of the receptors for Las PAMPs in susceptible and tolerant citrus varietiesPotential PAMPs from Las (either homologous to known PAMPs or pilin genes) LasFlaA (flagellin), LasEF-Tu, LasCSP (cold shock protein), LasSSBP (single strand binding protein) and pilin assembly genes were cloned under 35S promoter and the Arabidopsis phloem specific promoter SUC2 and introduced into Agrobacterium. We have tested their receptors in Tobacco and citrus. Specifically, we are identifying the receptors in HLB susceptible variety Valencia sweet orange and HLB resistant variety Poncirus and HLB tolerant variety Sugar Belle. We have identified multiple receptors for the aforementioned PAMPs and are in the process of confirmation using pull-down assay or co-immunoprecipitation assays. We also hypothesized that Las outer membrane proteins might directly induce plant immune response in the phloem sieve elements because Las lives in the phloem. 21 outer membrane proteins have been cloned and the putative targets in citrus are being identified using Yeast 2 hybrid (Y2H) system and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assay. Two outer membrane proteins showed positive interactions with citrus proteins based on Y2H assays. We are further confirming the interactions using GST pull-down assaysIn addition, multiple Las PAMPs have been tested for their effects in inducing plant defense against Las in the greenhouse and at least four different Las PAMPs showed significant effect in inducing plant immunity. We are testing whether those Las PAMPs can inhibit Las titers after foliar spray in the greenhouse. We have conducted RNA-seq analyses of Poncirus and sweet orange and we currently analyzing the data. We are testing the control effects of different PAMPs against HLB. Three PAMPs showed strong activity in inducing plant defenses. Objective 2. Generate transgenic/cisgenic citrus expressing PAMP receptors recognizing LasWe are transgenically expressing putative receptors or targets (identified in Poncirus) of Las PAMPs in Valencia sweet orange or Duncan grapefruit. They are driven by 35S promoter and phloem specific promoter AtSuc2. We will conduct Las inoculation via grafting or psyllid transmission once the transgenic plants are about one year old. For those identified receptors or targets, we are sequencing the promoter regions in Valencia, Sugar Belle, and Poncirus to compare their differences. If the native promoter of Poncirus is strong enough, we will use Poncirus promoter to drive the expression of PAMP receptors or other target genes to avoid concerns about 35S promoter or AtSUC2 promoter. We are also driving the expression of one defense inducing gene using a pathogen-inducing promoter. Several plants expressing the constructs were generated. Objective 3. Investigate the roles of effectors in HLB disease developmentWe have completed screening of 30 putative Las effectors and 4 of them repressed plant defense. We are screening another 20 putative Las effectors and 3 more effectors that suppress plant defense. We have completed Y2H for the four defense-suppressing effectors and identified their targets in Valencia sweet orange. Confirmation of the targets is ongoing using coimmunoprecipitation and BiFC assays. Meanwhile, we have conducted CTV-mediated gene silencing of 15 putative HLB susceptibility genes in collaboration with Dawson lab. Sweet orange plants carrying the CTV constructs were inoculated with Las via grafting. Interestingly, gene silencing of one of the putative HLB susceptible genes led to significant HLB tolerance. The plants showed mild HLB symptoms, similar growth as non-inoculated plants whereas the growth of control plants was significantly reduced and showed severe HLB symptoms. We are characterizing the putative mechanism of the HLB S gene. We are conducting genome editing of the identified HLB S gene of Valencia sweet orange and Duncan grapefruit to generate HLB resistant or tolerant citrus. In addition, we also overexpressed the HLB S gene in Valencia sweet orange to further understand the mechanism and will inoculate them with Las once they are one year old. We will continue to test other targets of putative effector genes. In addition, we hypothesized the effectors might induce plant defense in Poncirus and Sugar Belle. We are conducting Y2H to identify putative targets of effectors in Poncirus and Sugar Belle. We have conducted RNA-seq analyses of Sugar Belle. The data is under analyses. One manuscript entitled Citrus CsACD2 is a target of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus in Huanglongbing disease has been accepted by Plant Physiology. We are investigating the binding sites of CsACD2 with SDE15. We have tested the effect of effectors in suppressing plant immune responses caused by PAMPs.
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